ࡱ> {`!s4tH NzXLȿxcdd``^ "@ X>(b0U1e~ X.#&FF]("YB2sSRs :t:@p͆j֏ĚńÄDb_`Ml,7(   #<ech Word.Document.80"Microsoft Word ech/ 0DTimes New Roman1|dv 0|( 0D[SOes New Roman1|dv 0|( 0 DN[_GB2312Roman1|dv 0|( 01 b  .  @n?" dd@  @@`` H,! w xyz{|}~" *  ,    om$#"!<}|{w j*)zyx(kidhgecb` n$#"   BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWX/X$2$s4tH C x1?@87 g4CdCdv 0p"ppp@ uʚ;2Nʚ;<4!d!d{ 0<4dddd{ 0? %5+)Software Process, Management, and Quality** Ng [ N WSN'Yf[{:gyf[Nb/g|AA@>;OutlinewSoftware Process Software Quality Assurance Software Configuration Management Software Project Management Concepts <:Software Process DThe software process has been the focus of considerable attention over the last decade. oNǏ z/fяASt^egNNsQlv&qp0 A software process is a framework for the tasks that are required to build high-quality software.oNǏ z/f:N_Sؚ(ϑoN@b[bvNRvFhg0 More important, software engineering is performed by creative, knowledgeable people who should work within a defined and mature software process. oN] z/f gR R0 gwƋvN(W[IN}Yv0bqvoNǏ zFhg-NۏLv0 Vj{)PXa$@=Software ProcessSoftware engineering layersA>Software Process~Software engineering is a layered technology: Any engineering approach (including software engineering) must rest on an organizational commitment to quality. NUO] zelSboN] z _{N g~~v(ϑO:NW@x0D.r -$Software ProcessPSoftware engineering is a layered technology: Total quality management and similar philosophies foster a continuous process improvement culture, and it is this culture that ultimately leads to the development of increasingly more mature approaches to software engineering. hQbv(ϑ{tT{|bV%/`C@Software ProcessMethods layer of software engineering Software engineering methods provide the technical how-to s for building software. oN] zelcON:N_SoN(Wb/g N YUOZP 0 Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that include requirements analysis, design, program construction, testing, and maintenance. elmvNN|RvNRBlRg00 z0KmՋT~b0 Software engineering methods rely on a set of basic principles that govern each area of the technology and include modeling activities and other descriptive techniques. oN] zelOVNN~SR ُNSRc6RNkN*Nb/g:SW NS+T^!j;mRTvQNcb/g0 && R- Ly-DASoftware ProcessjTool later of software engineering Software engineering tools provide automated or semi-automated support for the process and methods. oN] z]wQ[Ǐ zTelcONꁨRvbJSꁨRv/ec0 When tools are integrated so that information created by one tool can be used by another, a system for the support of software development, called computer-aided software engineering (CASE), is established.S_ُN]wQƖbwegO_N*N]wQNuvOo`SNSYN*N]wQO(ue N*N/ecoN_Sv|~1\^zN y:N{:gRoN] zCASE 0^$$ d*E:>Software ProcessTool later of software engineering CASE combines software, hardware, and software engineering database (a repository containing important information about analysis, design, program construction, and testing) to create a software engineering environment. CASEƖbNoN0lxNTN*NoN] zpenc^S+TNsQNRg00 zTKmՋv͑Oo` N b_bNN*NoN] zsX0 d#C#B :Software ProcessMA generic view of software engineering The work associated with software engineering can be categorized into three generic phases, regardless of application area, project size, or complexity: The definition phase focuses on what. The development phase focuses on how. The support (maintenance) phase focuses on change. '     Software ProcessA generic view of software engineering The phases and related steps described in generic view of software engineering are complemented by a number of umbrella activity (Ob'`;mR): Software project tracking and control Formal technical reviews Software quality assurance Software configuration management Document preparation and production Reusability management Measurement Risk managementT' u (Software ProcessǏ z:N[sN*N~[vh ۏLvN|RЏ\Oek0 Ǐ zwQ gN|Rv'`(e'`0v^S'`0L]WY'`T^ϑ'`I{0 oNǏ z_ST~boNSvQvsQNT@bSvN|R;mR0Ǐ z/fFhgvƖTFhg/fNRvƖTNR/fbeQlbc:NQv;mR0 t;7Software ProcessA software process can be characterized as follows: A common process framework is established by defineing a small number of framework activities that are applicable to all software projects, regardless of their size or complexity. A number of task sets - each a collection of software engineering work tasks, project milestones, work products, and quality assurance points - enable the framework activities to be adapted to the characteristics of the software project and the requirements of the project team. Umbrella activities - such as software quality assurance, software configuration management, and measurement - overlay the process model. Umbrella activities are independent of any one framework activity and occur throughout the process.44a 94Software Process Software Process oNǏ zcONN*NFhg (WFhg NSN^zN*NoN_Sv~TR r^Fhg;mR(uN@b goNyv N(WNNvQĉ!jT YBg'`0 r^ N TNRvƖT----kN*NƖT1uNR0̑ zx0NNirNS(ϑOp~b----O_Fhg;mR^N N ToNyvvyr_Tyv~vBl0 r^Ob'`;mR----YoN(ϑO0oNMn{t0KmՋN^ϑ----[N/zNte*NǏ z!jWKN-N0Ob'`;mRrzNNUON*NFhg;mR N/zNte*NǏ zKN-N0*-- Software Process Models oNǏ z!jW/foN_Svc[``ThQ@\'`Fhg oNǏ z!jWvcQTSU\S fNNN[oNǏ zvgyƋ‰ SOsNNN[oNǏ zƋvcؚTޘÍ0SSR Software Process Modelsp^!jW :_6kvRR SvQz^'`0T6k]\O SvQechv[Y'` /fNy%N\% 2  \6& =V Software Process ModelstEvolutionary software process models (oSoNǏ z!jW) Evolutionary models are iterative. They are characterized in a manner that enables software engineers to develop increasingly more complete versions of the software. oS!jW/f)R(uNyNv``el [vyr_/fOoN] z^nۏ0W_Sek[UvoNHr,g0 The incremental model (Xϑ!jW) The spiral model (e!jW)T005%  eZ& , Software Process Models8The incremental model (Xϑ!jW)Software Process ModelsXϑ!jWvyrp NRXve_ۏLoN_S _0WNuSd\Ov|~ (WkNekX-N SNb(u7b/_Sv~~T0R NeBl|vNT-N S9eUKmՋHegTMNOoN_S;`b,g0  S\[ Software Process Models*The spiral Model e!jWSoftware Process Modelse!jWvyrp boN_Ǐ z~b:NN*Nek~Sv[INhTgehTg ^R k~SN*NhTg |~1\_0RۏNekv~ST[U ,g( N wQ g Nyr_ve/fNvЏlvv0RoNy_0 geُ*NǏ zYNaw wr` FONUOePQsN9eS Ǐ zONTveQSp_Y  w~Software Process Modelse!jWvyrp '}[V~_S-NvΘi (uΘiRgcRoNTmNB\ibU\0Bl| :_c~0W$Re0nx[TO9e(u7bNRvh v^ cb,g0HevegRgP voNNT'`([NRvhv!.s S~TǑ(uYyoN_Sel FOvzz~TTNyelN1uΘiRgegQ[0 wSoftware Process ModelsTThe formal methods model (b__Sel!jW) b__Selv;Nvv/fboN_SǏ z^z(W%N[SLvpef[W@xKN N N cؚoN(ϑToNuNs0 NTvbv^LvNyRKbk (uN[|~v'`(ۏL%Nf_[IN0{t0^ϑ0c6RTLv z^0bq^SN(uNc:yONR:_vQoNǏ zRv\oR0 S_N*NON0RNN[voNǏ zbq~+RT [\Ǐ6R[V{eu0^zhQTnxz:gg~gO[voNǏ z6R^S0 6R^SSOOONǏ^zW@xeTlQSeSeg/ecvsQvel0[TǏ z0N OKNSNc~v^~cN*No'`_s0   Software Process Management NbqONvh_ :ONnx[voNǏ zTv^v{tTc6R sSO~QNoNǏ z _N N%NSoftware Quality Software Quality McCall!jW-NvoN(ϑ } Software Quality Assuranceo Software quality assurance (SQA) is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. kpSoftware Quality AssuranceSQA encompasses a quality management approach (Ny(ϑ{tel) effective software engineering technology (methods and tools) ( gHevoN] zb/gelT]wQ)) formal technical reviews that are applied throughout the software process ((Wte*NoNǏ z-NǑ(uvck_b/g Y[) a multitiered testing strategy (NyYB\!kvKmՋV{eu) control of software documentation and the changes made to it ([oNechSvQO9evc6R) a procedure to ensure compliance with software development standards (OuNoN_ShQvĉ z) measurement and reporting mechanism (^ϑTbJT:g6R) <ZZZ / ?K  >F%  SQA\~ (WN*N~~-N gY*N:gg gOoN(ϑv#N SboN] z^0yv{t0[7b0.UNXTTSQA\~bXT0 SQA\~#(ϑOvR0vcw0U_0RgSbJT]\O0 SQA\~EQS_[7b(WlQSQ萄vNh0ُ1\/f SQA\~vbXT_{N[7bv‰p w_oN0Zj- SQAR SQAR:N^zoN(ϑOcON _LV vQ1uSQA\~Tyv~qQ T6R[ EQS_oNyv-NSQA;mRv!jg0 ۏLvċN ۏLv[T Y[ yvSǑ(uvhQ bJTTߍ*Ǐ z 1uSQA\~Nuve!c :NoNyv~cOvSpeϑ0>BF  7E X 2 SQA;mRl:NyvQYSQAR SN_SyvvoNǏ zc Y[TyoN] z;mR0[vQ/f&T&{T[IN}YvoNǏ zۏL8h[ [c[voN]\ONT0[vQ/f&T&{T[IN}YvoNǏ z-Nvv^RۏL8h[ nxOoN]\OS]\ONTNT-NvOP]]U_(WHh v^9hnc[ĉ zۏLYt U_@b g N&{TvR v^bJT~ؚ~{t OSSSvc6RT{t v^.^R6eƖTRgoN^ϑOo`0 Z$^Z!Software Configuration Management"!'Change is inevitable when computer software is built. And change increases the level of confusion among software engineers who are working on a project. Confusion arises when changes are not analyzed before they are made, recorded before they are implemented, reported to those with a need to know, or controlled in a manner that will improve quality and reduce error. S__SoN|~vǏ z-N SS/f NSMQv0ُNSSO_(W TN*Nyv-N]\OvoN_SNXTKNv|_dk Nt z^fRX'Y0S_SSۏLMRl g~ǏRg0SS[sMRl gU_0l gTNwSvNbJTSS0bSSl gNSN9eU(ϑSQ\ve_c6Re 'Yϑv Nt\ONu0 4pq!Software Configuration Management""'The art of coordinating software development to minimize confusion is called software configuration management (SCM). OSoN_SNQ\1uSS&^egv Nt'`0Rg\ z^vb/gy:NMn{t0 SCM is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. oNMn{tSCM /f/zNte*NoNǏ z-NvOb'`;mR0 ~v'N"M"(M" Hz$M_[!Software Configuration Management""'SCM activities are developed to: identify change control change ensure that change is being properly implemented report changes to others who may have an interest T!"c2u`\!Software Configuration Management""' It is important to make a clear distinction between software support (maintenance) and configuration management ~b/fSu(WoN]~NN~[7b0v^NbeQЏLTvN|RoN] z;mR0 oNMn{tR/fS_oNyv_Ye1\_Y0v^NNNS_oNQЏLTMb~bkvN~ߍ*Tc6R;mR0 XsT o T$qTa]Software Configuration ' Computer programs (both source level and executable forms) documents that describe that computer programs (targeted at both technical practitioners and users) data (contained within the program or external to it) @b g(WoNǏ z-NNuvOo` ;`y:NoNMn@,c^Origin of changes( gVyW,gvSSn evFUNb^:WagN _wNTBlTNRĉRvSS0 ev[7b BlO9eOo`|~Nuvpenc0NTcOvR0bWN{:gv|~cOv gR0 9e~T/bONĉ!jQ\ [yvOHQ~boN] z O~gvSS0 {bۏ^vP6R [|~bNTv͑[IN0 @ ~ ea!Software Configuration Items, SCI""(h oNMnySoftware Configuration Items, SCI [IN:NRoN] zǏ z-NR^vOo` (Wgz`Q N N*NSCISQ:Ng*N'Yvĉ~-Nvg*NUSrk= b(Wg*N'YvKmՋ(uOƖ-NvgyKmՋ(uO f[E0W N*NSCI/fN*Nech0N*NhQWYvKmՋ(uO0bN*N]}T Tv z^gNOY C QpebAda95oNS 0  l"/d_Baselines (W~) lA baseline is a software configuration management concept that help us to control change without seriously impeding justifiable change. W~/fN*NoNMn{tvi_ [.^RbN(W N%N͑;xTtSSv`Q Negc6RSS0 R.~-* Baselines The IEEE (IEEE Std. No.610.12-1990) defines a baseline as: A specification or product that has been formally reviewed and agreed upon, that thereafter serves as the basis for further development, and that can be changed only through formal change control procedures. ]~Ǐck_ Y[[8hybQvgĉ~bNT [VdkSN\O:NۏNek_SvW@x v^NSǏck_vSSc6RǏ z 9eS0 ^?<: ; , 8f` BaselinesA baseline is analogous to the kitchen doors in the restaurant. Before a software configuration item becomes a baseline, change may be made quickly and informally. However, once a baseline is established, we figuratively pass through a swinging one-way door. Changes can be made, but a specific, formal procedure must be applied to evaluate and verify each change.(WoNMnySbW~MR SSSNŏ ^ck_0WۏL 6q NeW~]~^z bN1\_aǏN*NUST_v蕣7h SSSNۏL FO/f _{^(uyr[v0ck_vĉ zegċ0OTk*NSS0 l[l[ Baselines|In the context of software engineering, a baseline is a milestone in the development of software that is marked by the delivery of one or more software configuration items and the approval of these SCIs that is obtained through a formal technical review.(WoN] zvVQ W~/foN_S-Nv̑ zx vQh_/f gN*NbY*NoNMnyvNN NُNSCI]~~Ǐck_b/g Y[ _S0(?@>3-gb"The Most Common Software Baselines$#"$ hc-Progression of Events that lead to a Baseline$.-  id4Baselined SCIs (b:NW~vSCIs)*.l|~ĉ~ oNyvR oNBlĉ~ Vb_Rg!jWYtĉ~SWpef[ĉ~ Rekv(u7bKbQ :  6jeBaselined SCIsĉ~ penccSO|~gc!jWWcLubccYgO(ubT[ab/g nNxnUS KmՋĉ~ KmՋRTǏ zKmՋ(uOT~gU_ d\OT[ňKbQh2  .   . QkfBaselined SCIsSgbL z^ !jWWvSgbLNxcv!jWW penc^c !j_TeN~gRYQ[ T:g(u7bKbQ ~bech oNbJT~bBl] zSS}TN oN] zvhQTĉ~         _lgBaselined SCIsdN NbRQvSCI _YoN] z~~_N\oN]wQReQMn{tKN N sS yr[Hr,gvhV0ыhVTvQNCASE]wQ V[ \O:NoNMnvNR0V:NُN]wQ(uNubech0nNxTpenc @bNS_[oNMnۏL9eSe _6q(u0R[N0}6qv^ NY FO gSg]wQveHr,gY ыhV SNuTSHr,g N Tv~g0:Ndk ]wQ1\a[NRuNvoNN7h SNW~S v^ZP:N~TvMn{tǏ zvNR0 * 6(mh SCM Process$  oNMn{t/foN(ϑOv͑Ns vQ;N#N/fc6RSS06q SCM_N#*NSOSCIToNvTyHr,gvhƋ0oNMnv[NO[]S_0W_S 0NSMn-N@b gSSvbJT0  cd6)/ni SCM Process (NUOsQNSCMvGWmSN|R YBg N*N~~YUOhƋT{t z^SvQech v_YsX[Hr,g NO_SSSNؚHe0WۏL N*N~~YUO(WoNS^~[7bKNMRTKNTc6RSS #ybQSS v^~SSnx[OHQ~ bNYUOOSS]~p`S_0WۏL Ǒ(uNHN:g6RSJTwvQNNXT]~[LvSS8~ ~$oj SCM Process SCM tasks identification (hƋ) version control (Hr,gc6R) change control (SSc6R) configuration auditing (Mn[) reporting (bJT) 6 n ob pk Identification of Objects in SCM$! j:NNc6RT{toNMny k*NMny_{rz}T T 6qT(ubT[avel~~0 g$Ny{|Wv[aSNhƋW,g[aTZƖ[a0 W,g[a/foN] z^(WRg00xbKmՋ-NR^v e,gUSCQunit of text  OY N*NW,g[aS/fBlĉ~vN*Nk=0!jWWvn z^nUSbN~(uNKmՋNxvKmՋ(uO0 N*NZƖ[a/fW,g[aTvQNZƖ[avƖT0$aDvq Identification of Objects in SCM!!k*N[aGWwQ gN~/UN0WhƋ[v0ryrvyr_ TW[0c0Dnh0NS s[ 0 [a T/feNIN'`0WhƋ[avN*NW[&{2Nc/fN*NpencyvRh [NhƋ [a@bh:yvSCI{|WY ech0 z^0penc  yvhƋ&{NSSST/bHr,gOo` Dn/f1u[acO0Yt0_(ubv[SO OY penc{|W0yr[Qpe0buSϑ T_NSN\O:N[aDn s[/fN*Nc [W,g[a cT e,gUSCQ [ZƖ[a RcTnull0 bR?\Q?\,bwr Identification of Objects in SCM!!^Mn[avhƋ_N_{QX[(WN}T T[aKNvsQ| N*N[aShƋ:NgZƖ[av<part-of> sQ|<part-of>[INNN*N[aB\!k0 [NoN[avhƋ!j__{S[a(Wte*NoNǏ z-NvoS (WN*N[anx[:NW~MR [SOSS_Y!k u(WW~]~^zT SS_NS~8^Su0 gS:NNa[aR^N*NoSV oSVcN[avSSSS0H) cxs Identification of Objects in SCM!! qlVersion Control in SCMHr,gc6R~TNĉ zT]wQN{t(WoN] z-N@bR^vMn[av N THr,g0 SCM-NvHr,gc6RSNcY NMn{tO_(u7bYǏ[S_Hr,gv begc[S voN|~vMn ُNpv[s/fǏ\^\'`sQT0Rk*NoNHr,g N 6qTǏcN~@bggv^\'`egc[Tg Mnv0 , $%brmChange Control in SCM [N'YWvoN_Syv ec6RvSS\ŏ[mqN SCMSSc6R~TNvĉ zTꁨRS]wQNcON*NSSc6Rv:g6R0GG$&ytChange Control in SCMN*NSSBlcNTċ0O NċNb/gch0\o(WoR\O(u0[vQNMn[aT|~RvteSOq_T0NS[NSSvb,gKm0 ċ0Ov~gNSSbJTvb__~Q 勥bJTSSc6R[8hchange control authority, CCA ----[SSvr`SOHQ~\Og~QV{vNb\~----O(u0[k*NybQvSSubN*NǏ zSS}TNengineering change order, ECO ECOcN\ۏLvSS0_{lav~_g0NS Y[T[vhQ0 \O9ev[aNyvpenc^ cScheck out  Qeg ۏLO9e v^^(uNTvSQA;mR 6qT \[a cNcheck in  ۏpenc^ v^O(uTvHr,gc6R:g6RS^zoNv NN*NHr,g0KJlV"/"0   snChange Control in SCM  cN T cS Ǐ z[sN$N*N;NvSSc6R }----c6RT Tekc6R c6R{tT*NoN] z^ gCgPSTO9egyr[vMn[a0 Tekc6R.^RO1u$N*N N TNXT[bvv^LO9e NONvv0*3@3 @rzuChange Control in SCM WNN*NybQvSSBlTECO oN] z^cSQMn[a c6RROoN] z^ gCgPcS[a Tekc6R[yvpenc^-Nv[aR O_S_MRcSQvHr,g(W>eVNMR N[[\ONUOvQNO9e0la SNcSQvQNvYN FO/f NۏLvQNO9e0$m{wChange Control in SCM^ck_SSc6R (WSCISbW~NMR SۏL^ck_vSSc6R0Mn[aSCI v_SSNۏLNUO{tTb/gBlf/fTvO9eSO9e NOq_T0R(W_S]\OVKNYvf^v|~Bl Ne[a]~~Ǐck_vb/g Y[v^]S RR^NN*NW~0 <  z.X|xChange Control in SCMZyv~SSc6R NeSCISbW~ Ryv~vSSc6R1\_Y[eN0ُe :NNۏLO9e _S_{_yv{tvybQYgSS/f @\萄v bCCAvybQYgSSq_T0RvQNSCI 0(WgN`Q N SSBl0SSbJTTECOvck_ubSNweu 6q {t[k*NSSvċN v^[@b gSSۏLߍ*T Y[0 >   R=*~yChange Control in SCM^ck_vSSc6R S_oNNTS^~[7be ck_vSSc6R1\_Y[eN : %/zChange Control in SCM SSc6R[8hCCA (W,{NT,{ NB\c6R NnboN;mÍv҉r OVNoNyvvĉ!jT'`( CCASS+TN*NN----yv{t----bN~NY egoN0lxN0penc^] z0/ec0^:WI{NebvNh 0CCAv҉r/fNhQ@\v‰pegċ0OSS[SCIKNYvNRvq_T SS\YUOq_TlxN SS\YUOq_T'` SS\YUO9eS[7b[NTvaɉ SS\YUOq_TNTv(ϑTS`'` ُNT_YvQNvCCAYt0 >9l!7S}vConfiguration Audit in SCM  hƋ0Hr,gc6RTSSc6R.^RoN_S~cy^ &TR`QS\/fmqNT NV[v06q sSOgbRvc6R:g6R_NS(WECONuTMbSNߍ*SS0bNYUO.^RSSTv[sbTVT{/f$Nebv 1 ck_vb/g Y[ 2 oNMn[0 "$AB{Configuration Audit in SCM ck_vb/g Y[sQl]~O9evMn[avb/gcknx'` Y[ċ0OSCINnx[[NvQNSCIvN'`0Wo0S\o(WvoR\O(u ck_v Y[^[@b gvSSۏL dNNgtxvSSKNY0  bc6'.|Configuration Audit in SCMz oNMn[Ǐċ0OMn[av8^ N(W Y[-NQvyr_ b_bck_ Y[veEQ0[v^VT{Y N (WECO-NfvSS]~[bNTReQNNaDRvO9eT /f&T]~ۏLNck_vb/g Y[ Nċ0Ob/gvcknx'` /f&TS_0Wu_NoN] zhQ SS(WSCI-N >fW0W:_highlighted  NT/f&TcQNSSvegTSSv\OMn[av^\'`S^NSST /f&Tu_NhlSS0U_SSv^bJTSSvSCMĉ z @b gvsQvSCIS_O9eNT (WgN`Q N [\O:Nck_vb/g Y[vNR 6q S_SCM/fN*Nck_v;mRe SCM[1u(ϑO~USrۏL0?K 5J@G  7 7  toStatus Reporting in SCM Mnr`bJTConfiguration status reporting, gey:Nstatus accounting /fN*NSCMNR [VT{ NR SuNNHNN ZPvdkN dkN/fNHNePSuv \q_T+RvNHNT0Z&[$H 1}Status Reporting in SCMMnr`bJT(CSR)vOo`AmY N k!kS_N*NSCIK NevTO9eTvhƋe RN*NCSRagvR^ k!kS_N*NSSCCAybQesS N*NECONu N*NCSRagvR^ k!kS_Mn[ۏLe vQ~g\O:NCSRNRvNRbJT0 CSRvQSN>en0RN*NT:gpenc^-N O_oN_Sb~bSNǏsQ.͋R{|SSOo`0dkY CSRbJT[gub v^AQ{tT_Sċ0O͑vSS04  /~Status Reporting in SCM MnrQbJT(W'YWoN_SyvvbR-NnboN͑҉r S_mS0R_YNXTe gSOSu ]Kb NwSSKb(WZPNHN v~Tu $N*N_SSՋVN N TvbQzvaVSO9e TN*NSCI oN] z OS9Q*Ngv]\Oϑ[ǏevlxNĉ~^ oN Ƌ0R^vO9e g%N͑oR\O(uvNv^ NwSO9e]~ۏL0 CSRǏ9eU@b gvsQNXTKNvO .^RcdُN0 RG]$G\&>`?up SCM Standards$  (WǏS20t^-N ]~cQNN|RvoNMn{thQ0_YegvSCMhQ YMIL-STD-4830DOD-STD-480A0TMIL-STD 1521A ;N(uN:NQN(u _SvoN06q gяvANSI/IEEEhQ YANSI/IEEE Std. No. 828-1983 No. 1042-1987 TStd. No.1028-1988 S^(uNFUNoN v^T'YWvT\WvoN] z~~cP0z+ *$Software Project Management Concepts%$$ oNyv{t/foN] zvOb'`;mR [HQNNUOb/g;mRKNMR_Y v^Nc~/zNte*N{:goNv[IN0_ST~bKN-N0FFEThe Management Spectrum gHevyv{tƖ-NN N*NP N NXTpeople problem Ǐ zprocess vQz^ N/fNav0NUO{tYg_NoN] z/fNvzfR[ƖvRR N1\8l܏ NS(Wyv{t NS_bRNUO{tYg(Wyv_Segl g/ec gHev(u7bO N gS:Nvg N*N Nv㉳QeHh0gT [Ǐ z N(Wav{tSQb gHevb/gT]wQceQ0Rwzz-NvqSi0 ZZ#ZZZ  d   (The People (yv{tvNXT) xPlayers (yvSN) Team leaders (yv#N) Software team (oNyv~)> &The Players (yvSN) "ؚ~{t#nx[FUN ُN__[yvNu_'Yq_T0 yvb/g {t_{R0oR0~~Tc6RoN_SNXT0 _SNXT#_SN*NNTb^(uoN@bvN蕀b/gNXT0 [7b#f__SoNvBlvNXT0 g~(u7bNeoNS^b:NNT g~(u7b/fvcNoNۏLNNvN0$\Z6Z(Team Leaders (yv#N)\㉳QN*N gHevoNyv#N^YQnx0WʋeQb/gvT{tv|~0WR㉳QeHhS_0WoRvQN_SNXT[s㉳QeHhbNNMRvyv-Nf[0Rv~^(u0RevsX NYggRv㉳QeHhl g~g Yup;m0W9eSeT0 {tRN*N}Yvyv#N_{c{te*Nyv N(W_e_{ gO_ۏLc6R _{OOyvb/gNXTY cgqNNv,g'`LN0Z Team Leaders0oRR:NNcؚyv~vuNs yv#N_{VYRwQ g;NR'`T\OQb~vN0v^Ǐ]vL:Nhf~_g NvQi NOS0R`Z0 t㉌Tc6RRN*N gHevyv#N_{Y a NN_{YtvT^vOS v^[SQُNOSvNvBlZPQS^0yv#N_{(WؚSRsX NOco}Yvc6RR0 4?Y 2The Software Team (oNyv~)* yvRMNRDnvr^S eHh yvn*NN]\Okt^ n*NNRMeg[bm*N N TvRNR v[ QNNl gT\Ov`QSuOS/foN{tv#N NS Te؏ gmQ*NvQNyv{0 n*NNRMeg[bm*N N TvRNRm<n ^z^ck_v\~c[N*NN蕄v\~#N\~KNvOS1uoN{t#0 n*NNRbt*N\~kN*N\~[bN*NbY*NRNRkN*N\~ gN*Nyr[v~g ~g/f:N TN*Nyvv@b g\~[INvOS]\O1u\~ToNyv{tqQ Tc6R0 8#ZZ# 7 'LThe Software TeamoN] z\~v~~e_ l;NRCg_Democratic Decentralized, DD ُyoN] z\~l gV[v#N0NROS/fwgc[v KNT1\1uvQNOS N TNRvNSN0T㉳Qelvnx[/f1u\~QV{v0 c6RRCg_Controlled Decentralized, CD ُyoN] z\~ gN*NV[v#N NOSyr[vNRS#P[NRvN~#NsQ|0㉳QN/fN*NSO;mR FO㉳QeHhv[s/f g\~#N(WP[~KNۏLRRv0P[~T*NNvO/fs^Lv FO_NOSul@wc6RB\Nuv N N~vO0 c6RƖCg_Controlled Centralized, CC vB\v㉳QTQ\~OS/f1u\~#N{tv0#NT\~bXTKNvO/f N N~_v0 > ZNZZ OHIy.The Software TeamRoN] z\~~ge^QvV } _㉳QvV z^ ubv z^vĉ!j NNxLbRpegaϑ \~bXT_(WNwve\~u}Tg  Y!jWWSv z^ __S|~@bBlv(ϑTS`'` NNegv%NyN'`O v z^0 <ZtZZ uThe Software TeamV:NƖ-N_v~gYf_0W[bNR VdkgTYt{US0 Rce_v\~kw*NN YNufYf}Yv㉳QeHh Vdkُy\~(WYt YBgebRvS'`f'Y0V:NCD\~/fƖ-N_0W㉳Q @bNCDbCC\~~gYbR0W(ueg㉳Q{USv0 DD~gRTN㉳Q^'Yv0 V:N\~v'`N_{ۏLvOϑbSk @bNYgP[~_[fOSv݋ _'Yvyvg}YǑ(uCCbCD~gv\~~~e_0 8ZZrR< The Software TeamV:N\~v'`N_{ۏLvOϑbSk @bNYgP[~_[fOSv݋ _'Yvyvg}YǑ(uCCbCD~gv\~~~e_0 DD\~~ggTN㉳Q!jWWS z^NOv V:N[fYvO0Yg gSؚv!jWWS z^ RCCbCD~gfRT0 CCTCD\~]SsYNukDD\~f\v:w FOُN\~@bǑ(uv(ϑO;mR[RvsQ0Rce_~g8^kƖ-N_~gfYveeg[bN*Nyv FO/fYgBlؚ>yN'` [/fgTv0 4; + 0 LThe Software Team|oN] z\~v~~W \_W cgq O~vCg)RB\!keg~~\~{|e_WՋVNNyewQ g\_Wvc6R'`0SS+T:g_WvRe'`ve_eg~~\~0]\OvgbL~TN'YϑvOTWN\~NavQV{0_>e_W\~~gyr+RTN㉳Q YBg FOS NavQN{|W\~HNHesؚ0 Tek_WOVNv6qRR ~~\~bXTT㉳QvGrk NNKNl gNHN;NRvOBl0 8 ZZ   ^Coordination and Communication Issues (OSTO)0/$' g_YSVOOoNyvweQVX0Y_Syvĉ!j['Y NNO\~bXTvsQ| YBg'`ؚmqN0NOS0 Nnx['`/f~8^X[(Wv [O_wVpbyv~vNޏ2Nv9eS0 oN] z\~_{^z gHevel NOSSN]\OvNXTKNvsQ|0[bُyNR _{^z\~bXTKNSY*N\~KNvck_vT^ck_vO:g6R0 ck_vO/fǏeW[0OSvQNv[ ^NNT^*NNvO nSeg[s0^ck_vORfR*NNS0oN] z\~vbXT(WN*Nyr+RvW@x NqQN`l QsevN.^R Nk)YvNNAm0 0Z[ZZProject Coordination Techniquesck_v0^*NNvelSboN] zechTNNirYn z^ 0b/gY_U_0yv̑ zx0ۏ^Tyvc6R]wQ0O9eBlSvsQech0ߍ*bJT0-N_^penc0 ck_v0*NNvĉ zƖ-NhsNoN] z]\O-NNTv(ϑO;mR-N Sbr` Y[OSTNxhg0 ^ck_v0*NNvĉ zSbOo` Od0㉳Qv\~O0 5uP[OSb5uP[N05uP[lQJTh0WebzpNSWNƉvO|~0 *NNvQ~Nyv~KNYvNۏLv^ck_v ُNNS gYv~b Y.^Ryv~bXT0  $C*The Problem (yv{tv) & oNyv{tNoNyvN_Y1\b4N@wۏ$Nv@\b0[ϑv0O{b,gT g~~vRyvvۏU\ FOtSl gS`vOo`SNO(u0[oNBlv~RgSNcO_v0O{Oo` FORg8^8^pehTupegveMb[b0f||v/f @wyvvۏU\~8^Su9eS BlS/f NV[v0 Software Scoper oNyv{tv,{N*N;mR/foNVvnx[0V/fǏVT{ NReg[INv ̀of__SvoNYUO^'YWv|~0NTbFUNv̀of (Ẁof NRNHN~_g Oo`vhoNNuNHN7hv[7bSvpenc[aeg\O:NQO(uNHN7hvpenc[a\O:NeQ RT'`oNgbLNHN7hvRO_eQpencMbSbc:NQpencnNHNyrkv'`yr_T X. %  Software Scope4 oNyvV(W{tB\Tb/gB\_{/feNIN'`vTSt㉄v0[oNVvc_{/fnx[v0sS fnx~Q[ϑvpencYv^S(u7bpev0NRhv'Y\0AQvg'YT^e  f~_gT/bP6RYNTb,g0QX['Y\  cvQNvyrkV }Y(uv{lY_}Y0Wt v^QbC++ z^ 0 @:`: _ $Problem DecompositionR gey:NRR /fN*NoNBlRgv8h_;mR0(Wnx[oNVv;mR-Nv^l g[hQR0RN,(uN$N*N;NW 1 _{NNvR2 NN@b(uvǏ z0 b[ YBgvNN8^8^Ǒ(uR lKNvV{eu0{US 1\/f\N*N YBgvRRbr^fYtv\0ُ/fyvR_Ye@bǑ(uvV{eu0(W0O{_YKNMR V-N@bcvoNR_{ċ0OT|S NcOfYv~0V:Nb,gTۏ^0O{/fbTRv @bNgy z^vR/f_ g(uv0*> *The Process (yv{tvǏ z) $oNǏ zvN,6k[IN0_ST~b (uN@b goNyv0(WNYUO bN*NTyv~_SvoNǏ z!jW0 yv{t_{Q[TN*NǏ z!jWgT__Syv 6qTWNlQqQǏ zFhg;mRƖT [INN*NRekvR OSN_YۏLǏ zR sS^zN*N[tevR NS fFhg;mR-N@bv]\ONR0ZMelding the Problem and the Process (Tv^TǏ z)0.#&( % yvR_YNTǏ zvTv^0oNyv~_SvkN*NR_{Ǐ:NoN~~[INvFhg;mRƖTeg[b0AA@Project u` N*XvNNN[N(Wyr+RVvoNyve 8^8^cS90-90ĉR N*N|~v,{N*N90%9N@bRM]\OϑTev90% |~gT10%_NO9@bRM]\OϑTev90%0(1616fProjectċ0Oۏ^@bǑ(uvel/f g:wv_>f6q Yg90-90ĉR/fwv 90%v[b^1\ N/fN*NQnxvch 0 l gRlKm[ۏ^ V:Nl gS(uv0ϑSv^ϑ0 yvRl gQOS@bvDn0 l gfnx0WQΘi l g^z0vcT{tΘivR0 ۏ^R/f Ns[b g:wv0 :NNKQ gُN (Wyv_Ye_{e^zN*Ns[vR (WyvۏL-Nvc勡R v^(Wyvte*NǏ z-Nc6R(ϑTSS0 ZZEZZD   =8Summary NUO] zelSboN] z _{N g~~v(ϑO:NW@x0hQbv(ϑ{tT{|?" dd@,|?" dd@   " @ `"  n?" dd@   @@``@n?" dd@  @@``PR    @ ` ` p>> % n f   (   F J   Jn   s *Xp?PP  N +    + n2   s *ds?+ U  n2   s *0v? 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չ չķղ ʶ ʶ Ʒģ ҵӰͻصķͻصķ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ̷ ԱĿصķ #_$ Li XuandongLi Xuandong  !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~      !"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~Root EntrydO).>4@PicturesCurrent User7ASummaryInformation( PowerPoint Document(JNDocumentSummaryInformation8"Microsoft Word ech/ 0DTimes New Roman1|dv 0|( 0D[SOes New Roman1|dv 0|( 0 DN[_GB2312Roman1|dv 0|( 01 b  .  @n?" dd@  @@``   @WSG! w xyz{|}~"   G QRSom$"!<}|{w j)zyx(kidhgecb` n$" QRSTBCDEFGHIJKLMPONMLKJIH      !"#$%&'()*+, -./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDE/X$2$s4tH C x1?@87 g4CdCdv 0p"ppp@ uʚ;2Nʚ;<4!d!d{ 0<4dddd{ 0? %%)Software Process, Management, and Quality** Ng [ N WSN'Yf[{:gyf[Nb/g|AA@>;OutlinewSoftware Process Software Quality Assurance Software Configuration Management Software Project Management Concepts <:Software Process DThe software process has been the focus of considerable attention over the last decade. oNǏ z/fяASt^egNNsQlv&qp0 A software process is a framework for the tasks that are required to build high-quality software.oNǏ z/f:N_Sؚ(ϑoN@b[bvNRvFhg0 More important, software engineering is performed by creative, knowledgeable people who should work within a defined and mature software process. oN] z/f gR R0 gwƋvN(W[IN}Yv0bqvoNǏ zFhg-NۏLv0 Vj{)PXa$@=Software ProcessSoftware engineering layersA>Software Process~Software engineering is a layered technology: Any engineering approach (including software engineering) must rest on an organizational commitment to quality. NUO] zelSboN] z _{N g~~v(ϑO:NW@x0D.r -$Software ProcessPSoftware engineering is a layered technology: Total quality management and similar philosophies foster a continuous process improvement culture, and it is this culture that ultimately leads to the development of increasingly more mature approaches to software engineering. hQbv(ϑ{tT{|bV%/`C@Software ProcessMethods layer of software engineering Software engineering methods provide the technical how-to s for building software. oN] zelcON:N_SoN(Wb/g N YUOZP 0 Methods encompass a broad array of tasks that include requirements analysis, design, program construction, testing, and maintenance. elmvNN|RvNRBlRg00 z0KmՋT~b0 Software engineering methods rely on a set of basic principles that govern each area of the technology and include modeling activities and other descriptive techniques. oN] zelOVNN~SR ُNSRc6RNkN*Nb/g:SW NS+T^!j;mRTvQNcb/g0 &&R-Ly-DASoftware ProcessjTool later of software engineering Software engineering tools provide automated or semi-automated support for the process and methods. oN] z]wQ[Ǐ zTelcONꁨRvbJSꁨRv/ec0 When tools are integrated so that information created by one tool can be used by another, a system for the support of software development, called computer-aided software engineering (CASE), is established.S_ُN]wQƖbwegO_N*N]wQNuvOo`SNSYN*N]wQO(ue N*N/ecoN_Sv|~1\^zN y:N{:gRoN] zCASE 0\$$d*E:>Software ProcessTool later of software engineering CASE combines software, hardware, and software engineering database (a repository containing important information about analysis, design, program construction, and testing) to create a software engineering environment. CASEƖbNoN0lxNTN*NoN] zpenc^S+TNsQNRg00 zTKmՋv͑Oo` N b_bNN*NoN] zsX0 d#C#B :Software ProcessMA generic view of software engineering The work associated with software engineering can be categorized into three generic phases, regardless of application area, project size, or complexity: The definition phase focuses on what. The development phase focuses on how. The support (maintenance) phase focuses on change. '   Software ProcessA generic view of software engineering The phases and related steps described in generic view of software engineering are complemented by a number of umbrella activity (Ob'`;mR): Software project tracking and control Formal technical reviews Software quality assurance Software configuration management Document preparation and production Reusability management Measurement Risk managementR'u (Software ProcessǏ z:N[sN*N~[vh ۏLvN|RЏ\Oek0 Ǐ zwQ gN|Rv'`(e'`0v^S'`0L]WY'`T^ϑ'`I{0 oNǏ z_ST~boNSvQvsQNT@bSvN|R;mR0Ǐ z/fFhgvƖTFhg/fNRvƖTNR/fbeQlbc:NQv;mR0 t;7Software ProcessA software process can be characterized as follows: A common process framework is established by defineing a small number of framework activities that are applicable to all software projects, regardless of their size or complexity. A number of task sets - each a collection of software engineering work tasks, project milestones, work products, and quality assurance points - enable the framework activities to be adapted to the characteristics of the software project and the requirements of the project team. Umbrella activities - such as software quality assurance, software configuration management, and measurement - overlay the process model. Umbrella activities are independent of any one framework activity and occur throughout the process.44a 94Software Process Software Process oNǏ zcONN*NFhg (WFhg NSN^zN*NoN_Sv~TR r^Fhg;mR(uN@b goNyv N(WNNvQĉ!jT YBg'`0 r^ N TNRvƖT----kN*NƖT1uNR0̑ zx0NNirNS(ϑOp~b----O_Fhg;mR^N N ToNyvvyr_Tyv~vBl0 r^Ob'`;mR----YoN(ϑO0oNMn{t0KmՋN^ϑ----[N/zNte*NǏ z!jWKN-N0Ob'`;mRrzNNUON*NFhg;mR N/zNte*NǏ zKN-N0*-- Software Process Models oNǏ z!jW/foN_Svc[``ThQ@\'`Fhg oNǏ z!jWvcQTSU\S fNNN[oNǏ zvgyƋ‰ SOsNNN[oNǏ zƋvcؚTޘÍ0SSR Software Process Modelsp^!jW :_6kvRR SvQz^'`0T6k]\O SvQechv[Y'` /fNy%N\% 2 \6& =V Software Process ModelstEvolutionary software process models (oSoNǏ z!jW) Evolutionary models are iterative. They are characterized in a manner that enables software engineers to develop increasingly more complete versions of the software. oS!jW/f)R(uNyNv``el [vyr_/fOoN] z^nۏ0W_Sek[UvoNHr,g0 The incremental model (Xϑ!jW) The spiral model (e!jW)P005%eZ& , Software Process Models8The incremental model (Xϑ!jW)Software Process ModelsXϑ!jWvyrp NRXve_ۏLoN_S _0WNuSd\Ov|~ (WkNekX-N SNb(u7b/_Sv~~T0R NeBl|vNT-N S9eUKmՋHegTMNOoN_S;`b,g0  S\[ Software Process Models*The spiral Model e!jWSoftware Process Modelse!jWvyrp boN_Ǐ z~b:NN*Nek~Sv[INhTgehTg ^R k~SN*NhTg |~1\_0RۏNekv~ST[U ,g( N wQ g Nyr_ve/fNvЏlvv0RoNy_0 geُ*NǏ zYNaw wr` FONUOePQsN9eS Ǐ zONTveQSp_Y  w~Software Process Modelse!jWvyrp '}[V~_S-NvΘi (uΘiRgcRoNTmNB\ibU\0Bl| :_c~0W$Re0nx[TO9e(u7bNRvh v^ cb,g0HevegRgP voNNT'`([NRvhv!.s S~TǑ(uYyoN_Sel FOvzz~TTNyelN1uΘiRgegQ[0 wSoftware Process ModelsTThe formal methods model (b__Sel!jW) b__Selv;Nvv/fboN_SǏ z^z(W%N[SLvpef[W@xKN N N cؚoN(ϑToNuNs0 NTvbv^LvNyRKbk (uN[|~v'`(ۏL%Nf_[IN0{t0^ϑ0c6RTLv z^0bq^SN(uNc:yONR:_vQoNǏ zRv\oR0 S_N*NON0RNN[voNǏ zbq~+RT [\Ǐ6R[V{eu0^zhQTnxz:gg~gO[voNǏ z6R^S0 6R^SSOOONǏ^zW@xeTlQSeSeg/ecvsQvel0[TǏ z0N OKNSNc~v^~cN*No'`_s0 Software Process Management NbqONvh_ :ONnx[voNǏ zTv^v{tTc6R sSO~QNoNǏ z _N N%N Software Process Management@oNRbq^!jW  Capability Maturity Model CMM oNRbq^!jWcV'Yf[Carnegie Mellon UniversityoN] zxvz@bQvNWY|~0ĉv[oNuNǏ zۏL{tv!jW vQ gHe'`]:N'Yϑ[@b[ v^]b:N[N*NoNONvuNRTNT(ϑۏLaϑvN[hQ0(+v+v6 M:5Software Process Management:oNRbq^!jWCMM CMM(uegnx[N*N:ggvoNǏ zvbq z^NScfYUOcؚbq^vS!jW0 CMMcNoNǏ zNe^0R g^0Nyrk0RN,0N['`{t0R[ϑ{t0g~0RSR`OSvbqǏ z ~QNǏ z-NN*Nbq6kvW,gyr_T^u_vSR0 ǑSvLR N.^RoN:gg9eۏvQoNǏ z0 <6 &b!Software Process ManagementCMMv;N\O(u CMMSNc[oN:ggYUOc6RoNNTv_ST~bǏ z NSYUOTbqvoN] zSO|oS v^b_bNWYo'`_sv{teS0wQSOeg N*NON`9eۏvQuNǏ z ^ǑSY NV{euTek nx[oNONS_MR@bYvǏ zbq~+R N[9eۏoNuN(ϑTR:_uNǏ zc6RwsQ.\O(uvV } \]\O͑pƖ-N(W gPQ*NsQ.vh N gHe0R9eۏ:ggoNuNǏ zvHeg ۏ Sc~0W9eۏvQoNuNR0 Dmi[g0"Software Process ManagementCMMvW,gMRc oN(ϑ(W_'Y z^ NSQNNuoNvoNǏ zv(ϑTR oNǏ z/fN*NS{t0S^ϑv^ Ne9eۏvǏ z oNǏ zv(ϑS0R(uN/ed[vb/gTevq_T ON(WoNǏ z-N@bǑ(uvb/gB\!k^^NoNǏ zvbq^0  qz(p#Software Process Management8CMMvW,gSt CMM:_ޏ~voNǏ z9eۏ0ޏ~v9eۏWNY*NoSek0CMM\ُNoSekRRbN*N~+R0ُyR~~gvtOnc/foN(ϑSt0 kN~+RSbr^vh0S_ngNvhT oNǏ zvv^ROnx[ Neg0 N~bq^[INNN*NhQ (uN^ϑ:ggvoNǏ zbq^TċNvQoNǏ zR0 <  Pq$Software Process ManagementCMMvW,gQ[ :ggTDnv{tmS:gg,gv#N NXTTvQ[Dne0 oN] zǏ zSvQ{tmSoN] zǏ z sSoNǏ zvm^0VT[te'`NSYUO^ϑ0{tT9eۏُ7hvǏ z0 ]wQTb/goN] zǏ z-NO(uv_S]wQTb/g0  py(o% Software Process ManagementCMM contains five process maturity levels (CMMvN*Nbq^~+R) Level 1: Initial (RY~) Level 2: Repeatable (S͑ Y~ gĉzvǏ z ) Level 3: Defined ([IN~hQS0NvǏ z) Level 4: Managed ({t~SKmǏ z) Level 5: Optimizing (OS~Sc~9eۏvǏ z) 8*  x.  &!Software Process ManagementjCMMvRY~,{N~ bRegnN*NNĖ;NIN ^:ggL:N Vdk[ NS͑ Y fbcNXTTbRON~c0  )6@('"Software Process Management8CMMvS͑ Y~,{N~ [yr[oNyv^z{tyvvV{euT[sُNV{euvǏ z0 eyvvRT{tWN{|?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz|}~NNNXT_SvoN@b^wQ gv@b g+Tyr__0Rn0N 9 55Software Quality`Definition of software quality Software requirements are the foundation from which quality is measured. Lack of conformance to requirements is lack of quality. oNBl/fۏL (ϑ ^ϑvW@x0NBl N&{1\/f(ϑ Nؚ0 Specified standards define a set of development criteria that guide the manner in which software is engineered. If the criteria are not followed, lack of quality will almost surely result. c[vhQ[INNN~c[oN_SvQR0Yg Nu[ُNQR 1\g gS[(ϑ Nؚ0|ZZ"ZZ1Z28,Software QualityDefinition of software quality A set of implicit requirements (e.g., the desire for ease of use and good maintainability) often goes unmentioned. If software conforms to its explicit requirements but fails to meet implicit requirements, software quality is suspect. 8^ gN~ +TBl /f NcSvY[~b'`vBl 0YgoN&{TNfnxvBltSl gn+TBl oN(ϑN6q C C >Software Quality Software Quality McCall!jW-NvoN(ϑ } Software Quality Assuranceo Software quality assurance (SQA) is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. kpSoftware Quality AssuranceSQA encompasses a quality management approach (Ny(ϑ{tel) effective software engineering technology (methods and tools) ( gHevoN] zb/gelT]wQ)) formal technical reviews that are applied throughout the software process ((Wte*NoNǏ z-NǑ(uvck_b/g Y[) a multitiered testing strategy (NyYB\!kvKmՋV{eu) control of software documentation and the changes made to it ([oNechSvQO9evc6R) a procedure to ensure compliance with software development standards (OuNoN_ShQvĉ z) measurement and reporting mechanism (^ϑTbJT:g6R) <ZZZ / ?K  >F%  SQA\~ (WN*N~~-N gY*N:gg gOoN(ϑv#N SboN] z^0yv{t0[7b0.UNXTTSQA\~bXT0 SQA\~#(ϑOvR0vcw0U_0RgSbJT]\O0 SQA\~EQS_[7b(WlQSQ萄vNh0ُ1\/f SQA\~vbXT_{N[7bv‰p w_oN0Zj- SQAR SQAR:N^zoN(ϑOcON _LV vQ1uSQA\~Tyv~qQ T6R[ EQS_oNyv-NSQA;mRv!jg0 ۏLvċN ۏLv[T Y[ yvSǑ(uvhQ bJTTߍ*Ǐ z 1uSQA\~Nuve!c :NoNyv~cOvSpeϑ0:BF 7EX 2 SQA;mRl:NyvQYSQAR SN_SyvvoNǏ zc Y[TyoN] z;mR0[vQ/f&T&{T[IN}YvoNǏ zۏL8h[ [c[voN]\ONT0[vQ/f&T&{T[IN}YvoNǏ z-Nvv^RۏL8h[ nxOoN]\OS]\ONTNT-NvOP]]U_(WHh v^9hnc[ĉ zۏLYt U_@b g N&{TvR v^bJT~ؚ~{t OSSSvc6RT{t v^.^R6eƖTRgoN^ϑOo`0 Z$^Z!Software Configuration Management"!'Change is inevitable when computer software is built. And change increases the level of confusion among software engineers who are working on a project. Confusion arises when changes are not analyzed before they are made, recorded before they are implemented, reported to those with a need to know, or controlled in a manner that will improve quality and reduce error. S__SoN|~vǏ z-N SS/f NSMQv0ُNSSO_(W TN*Nyv-N]\OvoN_SNXTKNv|_dk Nt z^fRX'Y0S_SSۏLMRl g~ǏRg0SS[sMRl gU_0l gTNwSvNbJTSS0bSSl gNSN9eU(ϑSQ\ve_c6Re 'Yϑv Nt\ONu0 4pq!Software Configuration Management""'The art of coordinating software development to minimize confusion is called software configuration management (SCM). OSoN_SNQ\1uSS&^egv Nt'`0Rg\ z^vb/gy:NMn{t0 SCM is an umbrella activity that is applied throughout the software process. oNMn{tSCM /f/zNte*NoNǏ z-NvOb'`;mR0 |v'N"M"(M"Hz$M_[!Software Configuration Management""'SCM activities are developed to: identify change control change ensure that change is being properly implemented report changes to others who may have an interest T!"c2u`\!Software Configuration Management""' It is important to make a clear distinction between software support (maintenance) and configuration management ~b/fSu(WoN]~NN~[7b0v^NbeQЏLTvN|RoN] z;mR0 oNMn{tR/fS_oNyv_Ye1\_Y0v^NNNS_oNQЏLTMb~bkvN~ߍ*Tc6R;mR0 TsToT$qTa]Software Configuration ' Computer programs (both source level and executable forms) documents that describe that computer programs (targeted at both technical practitioners and users) data (contained within the program or external to it) @b g(WoNǏ z-NNuvOo` ;`y:NoNMn@,c^Origin of changes( gVyW,gvSSn evFUNb^:WagN _wNTBlTNRĉRvSS0 ev[7b BlO9eOo`|~Nuvpenc0NTcOvR0bWN{:gv|~cOv gR0 9e~T/bONĉ!jQ\ [yvOHQ~boN] z O~gvSS0 {bۏ^vP6R [|~bNTv͑[IN0 @ ~ ea!Software Configuration Items, SCI""(h oNMnySoftware Configuration Items, SCI [IN:NRoN] zǏ z-NR^vOo` (Wgz`Q N N*NSCISQ:Ng*N'Yvĉ~-Nvg*NUSrk= b(Wg*N'YvKmՋ(uOƖ-NvgyKmՋ(uO f[E0W N*NSCI/fN*Nech0N*NhQWYvKmՋ(uO0bN*N]}T Tv z^gNOY C QpebAda95oNS 0  l"/d_Baselines (W~) lA baseline is a software configuration management concept that help us to control change without seriously impeding justifiable change. W~/fN*NoNMn{tvi_ [.^RbN(W N%N͑;xTtSSv`Q Negc6RSS0 R.~-* Baselines The IEEE (IEEE Std. No.610.12-1990) defines a baseline as: A specification or product that has been formally reviewed and agreed upon, that thereafter serves as the basis for further development, and that can be changed only through formal change control procedures. ]~Ǐck_ Y[[8hybQvgĉ~bNT [VdkSN\O:NۏNek_SvW@x v^NSǏck_vSSc6RǏ z 9eS0 Z?<:;, 8f` BaselinesA baseline is analogous to the kitchen doors in the restaurant. Before a software configuration item becomes a baseline, change may be made quickly and informally. However, once a baseline is established, we figuratively pass through a swinging one-way door. Changes can be made, but a specific, formal procedure must be applied to evaluate and verify each change.(WoNMnySbW~MR SSSNŏ ^ck_0WۏL 6q NeW~]~^z bN1\_aǏN*NUST_v蕣7h SSSNۏL FO/f _{^(uyr[v0ck_vĉ zegċ0OTk*NSS0 l[l[ Baselines|In the context of software engineering, a baseline is a milestone in the development of software that is marked by the delivery of one or more software configuration items and the approval of these SCIs that is obtained through a formal technical review.(WoN] zvVQ W~/foN_S-Nv̑ zx vQh_/f gN*NbY*NoNMnyvNN NُNSCI]~~Ǐck_b/g Y[ _S0(?@>3-gb"The Most Common Software Baselines$#"$ hc-Progression of Events that lead to a Baseline$.-  id4Baselined SCIs (b:NW~vSCIs)*.l|~ĉ~ oNyvR oNBlĉ~ Vb_Rg!jWYtĉ~SWpef[ĉ~ Rekv(u7bKbQ :  6jeBaselined SCIsĉ~ penccSO|~gc!jWWcLubccYgO(ubT[ab/g nNxnUS KmՋĉ~ KmՋRTǏ zKmՋ(uOT~gU_ d\OT[ňKbQb2 . . QkfBaselined SCIsSgbL z^ !jWWvSgbLNxcv!jWW penc^c !j_TeN~gRYQ[ T:g(u7bKbQ ~bech oNbJT~bBl] zSS}TN oN] zvhQTĉ~     _lgBaselined SCIsdN NbRQvSCI _YoN] z~~_N\oN]wQReQMn{tKN N sS yr[Hr,gvhV0ыhVTvQNCASE]wQ V[ \O:NoNMnvNR0V:NُN]wQ(uNubech0nNxTpenc @bNS_[oNMnۏL9eSe _6q(u0R[N0}6qv^ NY FO gSg]wQveHr,gY ыhV SNuTSHr,g N Tv~g0:Ndk ]wQ1\a[NRuNvoNN7h SNW~S v^ZP:N~TvMn{tǏ zvNR0 (6(mh SCM Process$  oNMn{t/foN(ϑOv͑Ns vQ;N#N/fc6RSS06q SCM_N#*NSOSCIToNvTyHr,gvhƋ0oNMnv[NO[]S_0W_S 0NSMn-N@b gSSvbJT0  cd6)/ni SCM Process (NUOsQNSCMvGWmSN|R YBg N*N~~YUOhƋT{t z^SvQech v_YsX[Hr,g NO_SSSNؚHe0WۏL N*N~~YUO(WoNS^~[7bKNMRTKNTc6RSS #ybQSS v^~SSnx[OHQ~ bNYUOOSS]~p`S_0WۏL Ǒ(uNHN:g6RSJTwvQNNXT]~[LvSS6~~$oj SCM Process SCM tasks identification (hƋ) version control (Hr,gc6R) change control (SSc6R) configuration auditing (Mn[) reporting (bJT) 6 n ob pk Identification of Objects in SCM$! j:NNc6RT{toNMny k*NMny_{rz}T T 6qT(ubT[avel~~0 g$Ny{|Wv[aSNhƋW,g[aTZƖ[a0 W,g[a/foN] z^(WRg00xbKmՋ-NR^v e,gUSCQunit of text  OY N*NW,g[aS/fBlĉ~vN*Nk=0!jWWvn z^nUSbN~(uNKmՋNxvKmՋ(uO0 N*NZƖ[a/fW,g[aTvQNZƖ[avƖT0$aDvq Identification of Objects in SCM!!k*N[aGWwQ gN~/UN0WhƋ[v0ryrvyr_ TW[0c0Dnh0NS s[ 0 [a T/feNIN'`0WhƋ[avN*NW[&{2Nc/fN*NpencyvRh [NhƋ [a@bh:yvSCI{|WY ech0 z^0penc  yvhƋ&{NSSST/bHr,gOo` Dn/f1u[acO0Yt0_(ubv[SO OY penc{|W0yr[Qpe0buSϑ T_NSN\O:N[aDn s[/fN*Nc [W,g[a cT e,gUSCQ [ZƖ[a RcTnull0 bR?\Q?\,bwr Identification of Objects in SCM!!^Mn[avhƋ_N_{QX[(WN}T T[aKNvsQ| N*N[aShƋ:NgZƖ[av<part-of> sQ|<part-of>[INNN*N[aB\!k0 [NoN[avhƋ!j__{S[a(Wte*NoNǏ z-NvoS (WN*N[anx[:NW~MR [SOSS_Y!k u(WW~]~^zT SS_NS~8^Su0 gS:NNa[aR^N*NoSV oSVcN[avSSSS0H) cxs Identification of Objects in SCM!! qlVersion Control in SCMHr,gc6R~TNĉ zT]wQN{t(WoN] z-N@bR^vMn[av N THr,g0 SCM-NvHr,gc6RSNcY NMn{tO_(u7bYǏ[S_Hr,gv begc[S voN|~vMn ُNpv[s/fǏ\^\'`sQT0Rk*NoNHr,g N 6qTǏcN~@bggv^\'`egc[Tg Mnv0 *$%brmChange Control in SCM [N'YWvoN_Syv ec6RvSS\ŏ[mqN SCMSSc6R~TNvĉ zTꁨRS]wQNcON*NSSc6Rv:g6R0GG$&ytChange Control in SCMN*NSSBlcNTċ0O NċNb/gch0\o(WoR\O(u0[vQNMn[aT|~RvteSOq_T0NS[NSSvb,gKm0 ċ0Ov~gNSSbJTvb__~Q 勥bJTSSc6R[8hchange control authority, CCA ----[SSvr`SOHQ~\Og~QV{vNb\~----O(u0[k*NybQvSSubN*NǏ zSS}TNengineering change order, ECO ECOcN\ۏLvSS0_{lav~_g0NS Y[T[vhQ0 \O9ev[aNyvpenc^ cScheck out  Qeg ۏLO9e v^^(uNTvSQA;mR 6qT \[a cNcheck in  ۏpenc^ v^O(uTvHr,gc6R:g6RS^zoNv NN*NHr,g0KJlV"/"0   snChange Control in SCM  cN T cS Ǐ z[sN$N*N;NvSSc6R }----c6RT Tekc6R c6R{tT*NoN] z^ gCgPSTO9egyr[vMn[a0 Tekc6R.^RO1u$N*N N TNXT[bvv^LO9e NONvv0(3@3@rzuChange Control in SCM WNN*NybQvSSBlTECO oN] z^cSQMn[a c6RROoN] z^ gCgPcS[a Tekc6R[yvpenc^-Nv[aR O_S_MRcSQvHr,g(W>eVNMR N[[\ONUOvQNO9e0la SNcSQvQNvYN FO/f NۏLvQNO9e0$m{wChange Control in SCM^ck_SSc6R (WSCISbW~NMR SۏL^ck_vSSc6R0Mn[aSCI v_SSNۏLNUO{tTb/gBlf/fTvO9eSO9e NOq_T0R(W_S]\OVKNYvf^v|~Bl Ne[a]~~Ǐck_vb/g Y[v^]S RR^NN*NW~0 <  z.X|xChange Control in SCMZyv~SSc6R NeSCISbW~ Ryv~vSSc6R1\_Y[eN0ُe :NNۏLO9e _S_{_yv{tvybQYgSS/f @\萄v bCCAvybQYgSSq_T0RvQNSCI 0(WgN`Q N SSBl0SSbJTTECOvck_ubSNweu 6q {t[k*NSSvċN v^[@b gSSۏLߍ*T Y[0 <  R=*~yChange Control in SCM^ck_vSSc6R S_oNNTS^~[7be ck_vSSc6R1\_Y[eN : %/zChange Control in SCM SSc6R[8hCCA (W,{NT,{ NB\c6R NnboN;mÍv҉r OVNoNyvvĉ!jT'`( CCASS+TN*NN----yv{t----bN~NY egoN0lxN0penc^] z0/ec0^:WI{NebvNh 0CCAv҉r/fNhQ@\v‰pegċ0OSS[SCIKNYvNRvq_T SS\YUOq_TlxN SS\YUOq_T'` SS\YUO9eS[7b[NTvaɉ SS\YUOq_TNTv(ϑTS`'` ُNT_YvQNvCCAYt0 >9l!7S}vConfiguration Audit in SCM  hƋ0Hr,gc6RTSSc6R.^RoN_S~cy^ &TR`QS\/fmqNT NV[v06q sSOgbRvc6R:g6R_NS(WECONuTMbSNߍ*SS0bNYUO.^RSSTv[sbTVT{/f$Nebv 1 ck_vb/g Y[ 2 oNMn[0 "$AB{Configuration Audit in SCM ck_vb/g Y[sQl]~O9evMn[avb/gcknx'` Y[ċ0OSCINnx[[NvQNSCIvN'`0Wo0S\o(WvoR\O(u ck_v Y[^[@b gvSSۏL dNNgtxvSSKNY0  bc6'.|Configuration Audit in SCMz oNMn[Ǐċ0OMn[av8^ N(W Y[-NQvyr_ b_bck_ Y[veEQ0[v^VT{Y N (WECO-NfvSS]~[bNTReQNNaDRvO9eT /f&T]~ۏLNck_vb/g Y[ Nċ0Ob/gvcknx'` /f&TS_0Wu_NoN] zhQ SS(WSCI-N >fW0W:_highlighted  NT/f&TcQNSSvegTSSv\OMn[av^\'`S^NSST /f&Tu_NhlSS0U_SSv^bJTSSvSCMĉ z @b gvsQvSCIS_O9eNT (WgN`Q N [\O:Nck_vb/g Y[vNR 6q S_SCM/fN*Nck_v;mRe SCM[1u(ϑO~USrۏL0?K 5J@G  7 7  toStatus Reporting in SCM Mnr`bJTConfiguration status reporting, gey:Nstatus accounting /fN*NSCMNR [VT{ NR SuNNHNN ZPvdkN dkN/fNHNePSuv \q_T+RvNHNT0Z&[$H 1}Status Reporting in SCMMnr`bJT(CSR)vOo`AmY N k!kS_N*NSCIK NevTO9eTvhƋe RN*NCSRagvR^ k!kS_N*NSSCCAybQesS N*NECONu N*NCSRagvR^ k!kS_Mn[ۏLe vQ~g\O:NCSRNRvNRbJT0 CSRvQSN>en0RN*NT:gpenc^-N O_oN_Sb~bSNǏsQ.͋R{|SSOo`0dkY CSRbJT[gub v^AQ{tT_Sċ0O͑vSS04  /~Status Reporting in SCM MnrQbJT(W'YWoN_SyvvbR-NnboN͑҉r S_mS0R_YNXTe gSOSu ]Kb NwSSKb(WZPNHN v~Tu $N*N_SSՋVN N TvbQzvaVSO9e TN*NSCI oN] z OS9Q*Ngv]\Oϑ[ǏevlxNĉ~^ oN Ƌ0R^vO9e g%N͑oR\O(uvNv^ NwSO9e]~ۏL0 CSRǏ9eU@b gvsQNXTKNvO .^RcdُN0 RG]$G\&>`?up SCM Standards$  (WǏS20t^-N ]~cQNN|RvoNMn{thQ0_YegvSCMhQ YMIL-STD-4830DOD-STD-480A0TMIL-STD 1521A ;N(uN:NQN(u _SvoN06q gяvANSI/IEEEhQ YANSI/IEEE Std. No. 828-1983 No. 1042-1987 TStd. No.1028-1988 S^(uNFUNoN v^T'YWvT\WvoN] z~~cP0z+ *$Software Project Management Concepts%$$ oNyv{t/foN] zvOb'`;mR [HQNNUOb/g;mRKNMR_Y v^Nc~/zNte*N{:goNv[IN0_ST~bKN-N0FFEThe Management Spectrum gHevyv{tƖ-NN N*NP N NXTpeople problem Ǐ zprocess vQz^ N/fNav0NUO{tYg_NoN] z/fNvzfR[ƖvRR N1\8l܏ NS(Wyv{t NS_bRNUO{tYg(Wyv_Segl g/ec gHev(u7bO N gS:Nvg N*N Nv㉳QeHh0gT [Ǐ z N(Wav{tSQb gHevb/gT]wQceQ0Rwzz-NvqSi0 VZ#ZZZd   (The People (yv{tvNXT) xPlayers (yvSN) Team leaders (yv#N) Software team (oNyv~)> &The Players (yvSN) "ؚ~{t#nx[FUN ُN__[yvNu_'Yq_T0 yvb/g {t_{R0oR0~~Tc6RoN_SNXT0 _SNXT#_SN*NNTb^(uoN@bvN蕀b/gNXT0 [7b#f__SoNvBlvNXT0 g~(u7bNeoNS^b:NNT g~(u7b/fvcNoNۏLNNvN0$\Z6Z(Team Leaders (yv#N)\㉳QN*N gHevoNyv#N^YQnx0WʋeQb/gvT{tv|~0WR㉳QeHhS_0WoRvQN_SNXT[s㉳QeHhbNNMRvyv-Nf[0Rv~^(u0RevsX NYggRv㉳QeHhl g~g Yup;m0W9eSeT0 {tRN*N}Yvyv#N_{c{te*Nyv N(W_e_{ gO_ۏLc6R _{OOyvb/gNXTY cgqNNv,g'`LN0Z Team Leaders0oRR:NNcؚyv~vuNs yv#N_{VYRwQ g;NR'`T\OQb~vN0v^Ǐ]vL:Nhf~_g NvQi NOS0R`Z0 t㉌Tc6RRN*N gHevyv#N_{Y a NN_{YtvT^vOS v^[SQُNOSvNvBlZPQS^0yv#N_{(WؚSRsX NOco}Yvc6RR0 2?Y2The Software Team (oNyv~)* yvRMNRDnvr^S eHh yvn*NN]\Okt^ n*NNRMeg[bm*N N TvRNR v[ QNNl gT\Ov`QSuOS/foN{tv#N NS Te؏ gmQ*NvQNyv{0 n*NNRMeg[bm*N N TvRNRm<n ^z^ck_v\~c[N*NN蕄v\~#N\~KNvOS1uoN{t#0 n*NNRbt*N\~kN*N\~[bN*NbY*NRNRkN*N\~ gN*Nyr[v~g ~g/f:N TN*Nyvv@b g\~[INvOS]\O1u\~ToNyv{tqQ Tc6R0 6#ZZ#7 'LThe Software TeamoN] z\~v~~e_ l;NRCg_Democratic Decentralized, DD ُyoN] z\~l gV[v#N0NROS/fwgc[v KNT1\1uvQNOS N TNRvNSN0T㉳Qelvnx[/f1u\~QV{v0 c6RRCg_Controlled Decentralized, CD ُyoN] z\~ gN*NV[v#N NOSyr[vNRS#P[NRvN~#NsQ|0㉳QN/fN*NSO;mR FO㉳QeHhv[s/f g\~#N(WP[~KNۏLRRv0P[~T*NNvO/fs^Lv FO_NOSul@wc6RB\Nuv N N~vO0 c6RƖCg_Controlled Centralized, CC vB\v㉳QTQ\~OS/f1u\~#N{tv0#NT\~bXTKNvO/f N N~_v0 > ZNZZ OHIy.The Software TeamRoN] z\~~ge^QvV } _㉳QvV z^ ubv z^vĉ!j NNxLbRpegaϑ \~bXT_(WNwve\~u}Tg  Y!jWWSv z^ __S|~@bBlv(ϑTS`'` NNegv%NyN'`O v z^0 :ZtZZuThe Software TeamV:NƖ-N_v~gYf_0W[bNR VdkgTYt{US0 Rce_v\~kw*NN YNufYf}Yv㉳QeHh Vdkُy\~(WYt 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